Friday, October 22, 2010
Welcome Letter To Church New Members
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"Using the ESO Very Large Telescope have confirmed that a galaxy previously detected by Hubble, is the most distant object found so far in the Universe," says Matt Lehnert (Observatory Paris), author the paper reporting the results. "The power of the VLT and the SINFONI spectrograph allowed us to measure the distance to this very faint galaxy and discover that we are observing when the universe was less than 600 million years old."
Studying these early galaxies is extremely difficult. When we get to the Earth, its light, which initially was brilliant, they are very faint and small. This faint light is mainly located in the infrared part of spectrum because its wavelength is stretched product of the expansion of the universe, an effect known as redshift. To make things even more difficult, at this early stage -Less than a billion years after the Big Bang, the universe was not completely transparent and much of it was filled with a mist of hydrogen absorbed the intense ultraviolet light from young galaxies. The period during which the fog was still being cleared by this ultraviolet light is known as the era of reionization. Despite these challenges, the new Wide Field Camera 3 Hubble Space Telescope NASA / ESA in 2009 discovered several potent candidate objects that could be galaxies shining in the era of reionization. Confirm the distances of objects so faint and remote is a huge challenge and can only be achieved reliably using spectrographs based on very large telescopes on the ground, capable of measuring the redshift of the galaxy light. Matt Lehnert
continues the story: "After the announcement of the Hubble galaxy candidates did a quick calculation and we were excited to realize the immense light-gathering power of the VLT, combined with the sensitivity of the spectroscopic instrument SINFONI also a very long exposure time, may allow us to detect extremely weak brightness of these distant galaxies and measure their distance. "
special request to the Director General of ESO, the scientists obtained telescope time in the VLT and found a candidate galaxy-38135539 UDFy call for 16 hours. After two months of very careful analysis and review of the results, the team concluded that had clearly detected a very weak hydrogen emission with a redshift of 8.6, which makes this galaxy the most distant object so far confirmed spectroscopy. A redshift of 8.6 corresponds to a spiral galaxy only 600 million years after the Big Bang.
The co-author Nicole Nesvadba (Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale) summarizes this work: "Measuring the redshift of the most distant galaxy found so far is very exciting in itself, but the astrophysical implications of this detection are even more important. This is the first time we know for sure that we are looking at one of the galaxies that cleared the fog that filled the early universe. "
One of the amazing things about this discovery is that the brightness of UDFy-38135539 does not seem to be strong enough by itself to clear the fog of hydrogen. "There must be other galaxies, probably weaker and less massive, close companion UDFy-38135539, which also helped to make transparent the space around the galaxy. Without this extra help, the light from the galaxy, no matter how brilliant it would have been trapped in the fog surrounding hydrogen and we would not have been able to detect it, "says co-author Mark Swinbank (Durham University).
The co-author Jean-Gabriel Cuby (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille) said: "Studying the era of reionization and galaxy formation is to push the technical limits of the telescopes and instruments, but this is just the kind of science that will be routine when
European Extremely Large Telescope of ESO - which is the optical and infrared telescope, the world's largest, is operating. "
Original Date: October 18, 2010 Original Link
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Pokémon Shiny Gold Walkthrough
Amazings.es , Microsiervos , Enchufa2 or Francis (th) E mule Science's News . For my part, I honor him by telling a story with which revolutionized the world of geometry.
I: Benoît Mandelbrot Mathematicians Benoît Mandelbrot always considered a special kind, including many who were excluded from the field of mathematics. But he always felt proud to be a bold new prisms trying to find those who see reality otherwise. Investigated the theory of games, the distribution of words in literature and even ventured successfully in economics, studying the distribution of large and small incomes in an economy.
These revolutionary ideas were flying at the head of Mandelbrot with its unorthodox way of thinking about mathematics. But all these studies became an article of conventional when Lewis F. Richardson fell into the hands of Mandelbrot. In this article, Richardson was intrigued by what the different compare available through the length of the coasts of countries such as Spain, Portugal and Belgium were discrepancies of up to 20% of each other. What was the reason for differences so great to measure something known by all? Why the English when they measured their border obtained a different value than the Portuguese obtained by measuring the same border?
In 1967, Mandelbrot introduced Article
How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension a puzzling scientific conference all attendees. Mandelbrot directly asked his colleagues what was the length of England, without obtaining a concise answer any of them. Some chose to simply say that it was not his field, while others ventured to look in the encyclopedia. But both answers Mandelbrot were unsatisfactory. The only accurate answer to that question was: infinite.
II: Measuring Britain with 200 km segment
surveyors, when they venture to measure the length of a coastline using a meter or rhythm of defined length. Say you use straight measuring 200km off the coast of the island of Great Britain. The result will be approximately 2.400Km, as shown in the image above.
Anyone can determine that this approach is crude and full of vague. Then we will consider a straight section measuring less, 50Km by example. In this case, the result of measuring the length of the coast will be superior to the previous case, 3,400 Km-long. The explanation is simple, because now we have had the opportunity to measure embers that had previously been completely overlooked. But is this approach sufficient? Probably not.
III: Measuring Britain segment 50Km
In 50 km we are ignoring many capes and bays that would increase the coastline. But where is the limit for this measurement? Common sense would suggest that at some point end up converging estimates reaching the true value of coastal length. And this would be true if the shoreline keep Euclidean geometry, the geometry that we have all learned, but the reality is that nature is not governed by Euclidean geometry.
Mandelbrot found that as the measurement scale becomes smaller, the length of the coastline increases without limit. Only when you reach the atomic scale can be completed this recursive process, and assuming that at some point find and indivisible elementary particles at that point all the modern theories.
IV: Fractal: Mandelbrot Set While
Mandelbrot in that article of 1967, the Congress in which he presented the article at no time mentioned the term fractal, this was the beginning of the concept of fractal geometry. It was not until 1975 that Mandelbrot introduced the term that revolutionized the field of mathematics that was intact from the ancient Greeks, geometry.
Sources and further information:
- How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension
- How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension
- Eureka: Scientific Breakthroughs That changed the world
- In pictures: Mandelbrot's fractals
- Benoît Mandelbrot
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Thursday, October 21, 2010
Wild Thornberries Wildlife Rescue
Although the Communist forces had extensive experience in amphibious operations and the invasion probably would have succeeded, the transaction never happened.
What was the reason for the salvation of Taiwan?
Schistosoma japonicum
Nothing more and nothing less than the
Shistosoma japonicum, an important parasite and a major infectious agents of schistosomiasis. Disease parasite common in Asia, Africa and South America, where it is considered the second most devastating disease after malaria.
A lack of suitable vessels for the invasion, the great Communist military leaders knew they were going to have to rely on small
reeds, to transport soldiers across the Taiwan Strait. However, Taiwan's port facilities were inadequate, in addition to the reeds would not be able to get close enough to shore to land their troops directly to the mainland.
The solution of the Chinese leaders was very simple ...
The troops would come to swim to the invasion beaches.
In preparation and given the high rate of people who could not swim, the communist troops planned some swimming lessons on the canals of the Continent. For several months the soldiers were strict and intensive swimming lessons in preparation for the great invasion of Taiwan.
However, the planned invasion was a big setback, waterways infested with Shistosoma japonicum and sick soldiers began shortly after the workshops possible. Finally it is estimated that between 30,000 and 50,000 soldiers of the elite Chinese operations were affected the dreaded parasite and therefore were not able to participate in the operation.
The untimely outbreak delayed the invasion six months before they can mount a new operation, started the Korean War and U.S. warships were positioned in the Taiwan Strait. The possible window for this unique opportunity was closed.
original
News U.S. Naval Institute collection JR Kierman original article in 1959, "The stroke of luck that saved Formosa." Kindly uploaded to the network by Carolyn Cather pdf format . "
Goes During Initiation
If you drink iced coffee as a drink, do not ever add sugar to coffee once cool. I find it impossible to dissolve all the sugar they would have done easily in hot coffee. 
sugar dissolves better and faster in hot coffee because the dissolution process is favored by increased temperature.
That's for sure, but ... why?
The increase in temperature increases the molecular motion to become thermal energy into kinetic energy. Then the coffee molecules interact more easily with the sugar to move faster.
also usually help the process stirring with a spoon.
doing so to make the process faster. Homogenize the solution to distribute the sugar (solute) more efficiently by the solvent (coffee), separating the sugar molecules together and promoting contact with the molecules of coffee. Further by increasing the molecular motion by the mechanical effect of removing the spoon.
And we can adding sugar (if that is our choice) that will dissolve. However, it is very hot coffee, the time will not admit more sugar and excess precipitate in the bottom of the cup. We will have passed the point of equilibrium of the solution.
sugar, coffee , solution, temperature
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